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    Acoustic Characteristics of Voice in Music and Straight Theatre and Related Aspects of Production and Perception

    in Music and Straight Theater, and Related Aspects of Perception, Production and Cortical

    Institute for the Performing Arts and Film (IPF)

    Previously, major style-specific aspects of the acoustics of stage voices have been re-examined. In the present project, further clarifications are approched: phoneme and text intelligibility on high pitches; dependence of lower spectral characteristics on fundamental frequency, and formant pattern ambiguity; the effect of style-specific higher spectral characteristics on voice projection; age and gender-related spectral differences; the relationship between vocal tract resonances and spectral characteristics of sounds produced in different styles and at different fundamental frequencies.

    Preceding project and corresponding indications – the basis
    In a preceding SNSF project, major style-specific aspects of the acoustics of stage voices have been re-examined: extensive F0/pitch variation and formant tuning, increased intensity in mid and high spectral ranges, and singer’s or speaker’s/actor’s formant cluster (SF or SPF). The extensive and systematic recordings consist of utterances of 42 professional singers, actresses/actors, and non-professional speakers. Sounds of the long German vowels /i, y, e, ø, ɛ, a, o, u/ in V, sVsV, and minimal pair condition were investigated with varying basic production parameters such as F0/pitch, vocal effort, production style, and phonation type. Additional references for "average" conversational speech were also created. Acoustic (single sounds) and statistical analyses (sound samples) were conducted. Perceptual vowel quality was investigated in listening tests. In total, a corpus of more than 30'000 utterances of 42 speakers was created in order to build up an empirical reference on the matter.
    Up to now, our analyses provide strong indications for the following: (1) Possible vowel discrimination on high pitches up to levels of F0 in the range of 800–1000Hz. Neither spectral undersampling nor oversinging statistical F1 is found to directly impair vowel discrimination. (2) Depending on vowels and F0 ranges, lower spectral peaks and, if determinable, related formants < 1.5kHz often shift with rising F0. These shifts are found for both professionals and non-professionals, and a substantial part of them are indicated to maintain the perceived vowel quality. (3) Visual inspection of the spectra in general confirm findings reported in the literature of increased intensity in mid and high spectral ranges and SF for professionals. However, the methods of acoustic analysis are in need of further investigation. Moreover, the effect of these acoustic characteristics on vowel perception is also in question. (4) Speaker group differences in the vowel spectra < 1.5kHz decrease or disappear when comparing sounds at similar F0 levels.  

    Need for clarification
    On the basis of these indications, major aspects of stage-specific as well as of general voice production and perception have to be addressed: (1) For a clarification of phoneme and text intelligibility on high pitches, additional recordings of comic and voice-over actresses/actors and related listening tests are needed. (2) Clarification of the observed F0-dependence of lower spectral characteristics (of importance for the concept of formant tuning) requires resynthesis, synthesis, and low and high-pass filtering experiments. (3) The acoustic effect of increased intensity in mid and high spectral ranges and the shaping of the spectral envelope > 2.5kHz needs to be clarified requiring additional recordings live on stage, including an additional investigation of SPF. (4) Clarification of the observed F0-dependence of lower spectral characteristics and their impact on expected age and gender-related spectral differences also requires resynthesis experiments. (5) The relation between F0-dependent changes of vowel-specific spectral characteristics and style-specific spectral characteristics on the one hand, and articulation on the other, should be clarified requiring a parallel investigation of sound production and measurement of vocal tract resonances. 

    The present project
    The present project addresses these issues within the following experiments: Additional recordings (in the studio and live on stage in a large concert hall); vowel resynthesis (related to natural vocalisations) and vowel synthesis (related to statistical formant patterns) with extensive F0 variation, testing constancy/alteration of vowel perception; low and high-pass filtering of vowel sounds produced at very different F0, testing constancy/alteration of vowel perception; vocal tract investigation, testing the parallelism between vowel-specific spectral characteristics of sounds produced on very different F0 and articulation.

    Listening tests are included in all experiments.
    The on-going project also attempts to contribute to the improvement of the methods of acoustic analysis for sounds on high F0/pitches.
    Publications of journal papers are intended, and great effort is made for an extensive open access publication (database of recordings and eBook).

    Relevance
    The present project aims at contributing to the interdisciplinary research on the fundamentals and the aesthetics of the voice.
    The empirical basis provided–unique in its systemacy and extension–and the clarifications attempted will allow for in-depth insight into the acoustics of stage voices and into general aspects of voice and vowel acoustics, indispensable for further research and for an assessment of the relevance of acoustical descriptions for vocal education and the use of technical aids on stage.

    Details

    • Research Focus
      • FSP Performative Praxis
    • Project Lead
      • Dieter Maurer (IPF)
    • Applicant
      • Dieter Maurer (IPF)
      • Volker Dellwo (Universität Zürich, Phonetisches Laboratorium)
      • Martin Meyer (Universität Zürich, Psychologisches Institut, Kompetenzzentrum INAPIC)
    • Team
      • Christian d'Heureuse (IPF)
      • Heidy Leemann (IPF)
      • Kathiresan Thayabaran (Universität Zürich, Psychologisches Institut, Kompetenzzentrum INAPIC)
    • Cooperations
      • Master Theater ZHdK
      • Andreas Sippel, Otto Falckenberg Schule, Fachakademie für Darstellende Kunst
      • Profil Jazz und Pop ZHdK
      • Mark Huckvale, University College London, Div of Psychology & Lang Sciences
      • Stuart Rosen, University College London, Div of Psychology & Lang Sciences
    • Resources
      • Project website
    • Duration

      01.09.2015 – 31.12.2024

    • Financing
      • Ernst Göhner Stiftung (01.02.2022 – 31.08.2024)
      • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds SNF (01.09.2015 – 31.07.2018)
      • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds SNF, Publikation (01.04. – 30.09.2024)
    • Research Approaches
      • Basic research
      • Artistic-scientific research
    • Disciplines

      Music, Theatre

    • Keywords

      Stimme, Akustik, Vokal

    • Related Projects
      • Acoustic Characteristics (predecessor project)
    • More Links
      • Link zu Projekt I
      • Link zu Projekt II
      • Vollständige Publikationsliste (Bücher, Fachartikel):
      • Online-Veröffentlichung

    Output

    • Monografien

      Maurer, Dieter (2024): Acoustics of the Vowel. Indices. subTexte, 30. Lausanne: Peter Lang. Online unter: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15166351.

    • Monografien

      Maurer, Dieter (2016): Acoustics of the Vowel. Preliminaries. SubTexte 12. Bern: Peter Lang AG. Online unter: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3384839.

    • Aufsätze in Fachzeitschriften

      Friedrichs, Daniel / Maurer, Dieter / Rosen, Stuart & Dellwo, Volker (2017): «Vowel recognition at fundamental frequencies up to 1kHz reveals point vowels as acoustic landmarks». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142, 2. 1025–1033. Online unter: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-141903.

    • Aufsätze in Tagungsakten (Vortrag, Keynote)

      Dellwo, Volker / Kathiresan, Thayabaran / Pellegrino, Elisa / He, Lei / Schwab, Sandra & Maurer, Dieter (2018): «Influences of Fundamental Oscillation on Speaker Identification in Vocalic Utterances by Humans and Computers». In: ISCA - International Speech Communication Association (Hg.): Proceedings Interspeech 2018. 3795–3799. Online unter: https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2018-2331.

    • Aufsätze in Tagungsakten (Vortrag, Keynote)

      Maurer, Dieter (2018): «Why a phenomenology of vowel sounds is needed». In: Belz, Malte / Mooshammer, Christine / Fuchs, Susanne / Jannedy, Stefanie / Rasskazova, Oksana & Żygis, Marzena (Hg.): Proceedings of the Conference on Phonetics & Phonology in German-speaking countries (P&P 13). Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 121–124. Online unter: http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18805.

    • Aufsätze in Tagungsakten (Vortrag, Keynote)

      Maurer, Dieter / d'Heureuse, Christian / Suter, Heidy / Dellwo, Volker / Friedrichs, Daniel & Kathiresan, Thayabaran (2018): «The Zurich Corpus of Vowel and Voice Quality, Version 1.0». In: ISCA - International Speech Communication Association (Hg.): Proceedings Interspeech 2018. 1417–1421. Online unter: https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2018-1542.

    • Aufsätze in Tagungsakten (Vortrag, Keynote)

      Kathiresan, Thayabaran / Maurer, Dieter / Suter, Heidy / Dellwo, Volker (2017): «Enhancing the objectivity of interactive formant estimation: Introducing Euclidean distance measure and numerical conditions for numbers and frequency ranges of formants». Proceedings of the 28th Konferenz Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung 2017, Saarbrücken. Saarbrücken: 130–137.

    • Vorträge, Referate

      Maurer, Dieter (2020): «Acoustics and Perception of the Vowel». Workhop Sonova AG Stäfa. 28.08.2020. Sonova AG, Stäfa.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter / d'Heureuse, Christian & Leemann, Heidy (2020): «Does vowel recognition relate to pitch?». Acoustics Virtually Everywhere. The 179th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Poster and online materials. 07.12.2020–11.12.2020, HS 2020. Acoustics Virtually Everywhere. Online unter: http://asa2020.phones-and-phonemes.org/.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Kathiresan, Thayabaran / Maurer, Dieter / Suter, Heidy & Dellwo, Volker (2018): «Formant pattern and spectral shape ambiguity in vowel synthesis: The role of fundamental frequency and formant amplitude». 175th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. 07.05.2018–11.05.2018. Minneapolis. Online unter: https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.5036258.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter / d'Heureuse, Christian / Suter, Heidy / Kathiresan, Thayabaran / Dellwo, Volker (2018): «Sinewave vowel sounds: The role of vowel qualities, frequencies and harmonicity of sinusoids, and perceived pitch for vowel recognition.». 175th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. 07.05.2018–11.05.2018. Minneapolis, U.S.A.. Online unter: https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.5036259.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter & Suter, Heidy (2017): «Vowel synthesis related to equal-amplitude harmonic series in frequency ranges > 1 kHz combined with single harmonics < 1 kHz, and including variation of fundamental frequency». Acoustics '17, Boston 173rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the 8th Forum Acusticum. 25.06.2017–29.06.2017. Boston. Online unter: https://www.phones-and-phonemes.org/asa/Poster-ASA-2017c-170611.pdf.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter (2017): «Why a phenomenology of vowel sounds is needed». P&P13: Phonetik und Phonologie im deutschsprachigen Raum. 28.09.2017–29.09.2017. Berlin.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter / Dellwo, Volker / Suter, Heidy & Kathiresan, Thayabaran (2017): «Formant pattern and spectral shape ambiguity of vowel sounds revisited in synthesis: changing perceptual vowel quality by only changing the fundamental frequency». Acoustics '17, Boston 173rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the 8th Forum Acusticum. 25.06.2017–29.06.2017. Boston. Online unter: https://www.phones-and-phonemes.org/asa/Poster-ASA-2017a-200925.pdf.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter / Suter, Heidy (2017): «"Flat" vowel spectra revisited in vowel synthesis». Acoustics '17, Boston 173rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the 8th Forum Acusticum. 25.06.2017–29.06.2017. Boston. Online unter: http://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.4987212.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Friedrichs, Daniel / Rosen, Stuart / Iverson, Paul / Maurer, Dieter & Dellwo, Volker (2016): «Mapping vowel categories at high fundamental frequencies using multidimensional scaling of cochlea-scaled spectra». 5th Joint Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and Acoustical Society of Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2016. 28.11.2016–02.12.2016. Honolulu, Hawaii. Online unter: http://phones-and-phonemes.org/publications/ASA2016bPoster_FriedrichsDaniel.pdf.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Kathiresan, Thayabaran / Maurer, Dieter & Dellwo, Volker (2016): «Automatic selection of the number of poles for different gender and age groups in steady state isolated vowels». 5th Joint Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and Acoustical Society of Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2016. 28.11.2016–02.12.2016. Honolulu, Hawaii. Online unter: http://www.phones-and-phonemes.org/publications/ASA-2016-TK-final.pdf.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter / Kathiresan, Thayabaran & Dellwo, Volker (2016): «Vowel sounds produced with varying production parameters: Conceptualisation and realisation of a database». IAFPA Annual Conference. 24.07.2016–27.07.2016. York, UK. Online unter: http://www.phones-and-phonemes.org/IAFPA2016/index.html.

    • Andere aktive Teilnahmen (Podiumsteilnahme, Posterpräsentation etc.)

      Maurer, Dieter / Kathiresan, Thayabaran / Suter, Heidy & Dellwo, Volker (2016): «How listeners recognise vowel sounds under highpass or lowpass filtering of vowel-specific frequency ranges». 5th Joint Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and Acoustical Society of Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2016. 28.11.2016–02.12.2016. Honolulu, Hawaii. Online unter: http://www.phones-and-phonemes.org/publications/DM-Poster-ASA-2016-Online-161125.pdf.

    • Webseiten

      Maurer, Dieter / d'Heureuse, Christian / Suter, Heidy / Dellwo, Volker / Friedrichs, Daniel & Kathiresan, Thayabaran (2018): «The Zurich Corpus of Vowel and Voice Quality. Version 1.0». In: Maurer, Dieter (Hg.): Online unter: http://www.zhcorpus.org.

    • Webseiten

      Maurer, Dieter (2016): «Acoustics of the Vowel – Preliminaries (Materials)». In: Rey, Anton (Hg.): Online unter: http://www.phones-and-phonemes.org/vowels/acoustics/preliminaries/text/.